Sane Polytheism

Since the Babylonian year starts at the Spring Equinox, the period starting from the Winter Solstice could contain from three to four months. The lunar months of the Babylonian calendar have to fit within the solar year of equinoxes. The fourth month (intercalary) was usually inserted by a decree from the King.

 

In the Standard Mesopotamian Calendar (Note 1), the month is called “Addaru.” (Note 2) According to Astrolabe B, in the month of Addaru, “the vast fields of Ningirsu (Lord Flood) the sickle is not left behind.” When the reaping is done, the Barley Consumption Festival starts. People feast, drink beer, visit each other, and play table games.

 

Meanwhile, preparation for the Festival of Dumuzi (Note 3) is underway, which happens at the end of the month. Offerings of fruit, cheeses, honey, and oil are placed on boats, and sent downstream. The boats fetch Dumuzi, the Shepherd God, (Note 4) from the Netherworld, so that He can prepare for his marriage to Inanna. His Sister, Gestinana goes to take his place in the Netherworld.

 

The Festival of the Carnelian Bed celebrates the marriage of Ninlil (Lady Wind in the Grain) and Enlil (Lord Wind). Since Addaru is the month of Enlil’s happiness, hymns are sung before the Bed. (Note 5) Then beer, incense, and goat meat are offered for the happiness of these Two Gods, who often interceded in the behalf of humans.

 

Notes:

 

Note 1. The Standard Mesopotamian Calendar has a nineteen-year cycle. One month is added in the 17th year before the Autumn Equinox – Ululu 2. In the 19th year, one month is added before the Vernal Equinox, Addaru 2. Each month has 29 or 30 days, which gives a year of 354 days. Therefore, intercalary months are needed to keep the lunar calendar in sync with the solar year. These months usually had the festivals held in either Ululu or Addaru.

 

Note 2. The name of the month could have come from Ugarit (Canaan) as the “rains of Addaru.”

 

Note 3. In some parts of Southern Mesopotamia (Umma), the twelfth month was called “Dumuzi,” which ends with the Sacred Marriage of this God. For the Standard Mesopotamian Calendar, “Dumuzi” was the fourth month.

 

Note 4. Not all Gods were immortal. Dumuzi, considered to be a Dead God, was seized by the gallas and dragged into the Netherworld.

 

Note 5. The Carnelian Bed, like Boats, has the essence of the Gods.

 

Source: Mark Cohen, “Festivals and Calendars of the Ancient Near East.”

Fornax and Quirinus

The Fornacalia is held between February 5 and 17. At this time, in ancient Rome, people brought grain to the communal ovens to be parched in the ancient manner of their fathers. Fornax, the Goddess of Bakers and Ovens, was invoked to keep the wheat from burning. The last day of the Fornacalia is the Quirinalia, also known as “The Feast of Fools.” This is the time that people who delayed bringing their grain came to fulfill their civic duty. Modern observances involved making bread from scratch, and making offerings to Juno Curitis (Juno of the Curia (Wards)).

 

Quirinus is thought to be the deified Romulus, and represents the Romans in their civic sense. “Quirites” is what officials addressed Roman citizens as. In their military capacity, Romans were called “Romani.” Quirinus with Mars and Jupiter were the original trio of Gods governing Rome before the Republic. (Quirinus was also an ancient Sabine God of War.) 

 

Di Parentes and Di Manes (The Dead)

The Parentalia starts February 13 and runs through February 21. The Caristia on February 22 officially ends this period of venerating the Dead. During this time, the Lupercalia and Feralia are held. Each ritual focuses on a different aspect of purification, families, and the Dead. The Parentalia is a private ceremony that the family does to honor their dead. Greeting the Dead, “Salve, sancta parens.” (Hail, Venerable Parent), the living would then dine with them. The Feralia entails visiting the graves and making offerings. The Caristia is a family feast, where all quarrels between family members are settled. Family unity is then cemented with the household Lars.

 

Ovid explains the rites to honor the Dead in “Fasti.”

“And the grave must be honoured. Appease your fathers’

Spirits, and bring little gifts to the tombs you built.

Their shades ask little, piety they prefer to costly

Offerings: no greedy deities haunt the Stygian depths.

 

A tile wreathed round with garlands offered is enough,

A scattering of meal, and a few grains of salt,

And bread soaked in wine, and loose violets:

Set them on a brick left in the middle of the path.

Not that I veto larger gifts, but these please the shades:

Add prayers and proper words to the fixed fires.”

 

(Ovid, “Fasti, Book II.” Translator: A.S. Kline)

 

Faunus and Inuus

On February 15, the Lupercalia is held. Traditionally, sacrifices were made at the Lupercal Cave in Rome, where the Lupa, She-Wolf nursed Romulus and Remus. This was followed by the Lupercii (young men) running through the streets striking women with the februa (goatskin whips). This was to insure fertility in the women. Traditional Gods of Fertility, Faunus and Inuus preside over the Lupercalia. Modern observances entail prayers for purification and fertility, the cleaning of the house and self, and offerings left in secluded areas.

 

Terminus

The Terminalia, held on February 23, honors the God of Boundaries. It is a time of purifying the land and redefining the boundaries between homes. The “beating of the bounds” which entails walking around the perimeter reestablishes the boundaries for another year. Cakes and wine are offered to Terminus during this activity. (This festival also marks the end of the traditional Roman year.)

 

Ovid describes Terminus and his temple that He shares with Jupiter.

 

“Neighbours gather sincerely, and hold a feast,

And sing your praises, sacred Terminus:

 

‘You set bounds to peoples, cities, great kingdoms:

Without you every field would be disputed.

You curry no favour: you aren’t bribed with gold,

Guarding the land entrusted to you in good faith.

……

 

What happened when the new Capitol was built?

The whole throng of gods yielded to Jupiter and made room:

But as the ancients tell, Terminus remained in the shrine

 

Where he was found, and shares the temple with great Jupiter.

Even now there’s a small hole in the temple roof,

So he can see nothing above him but stars.

 

Since then, Terminus, you’ve not been free to wander:

Stay there, in the place where you’ve been put,

And yield not an inch to your neighbour’s prayers,

Lest you seem to set men above Jupiter:

And whether they beat you with rakes, or ploughshares,

Call out: “This is your field, and that is his!”’

 

(Ovid, “Fasti, Book II.” Translator: A.S. Kline)